Full medical examination. Top tests that need to be taken every year What tests should a woman undergo annually?

Mammography

Among the cancers that a woman can develop, breast cancer ranks first in frequency. This is a very insidious disease that can not show unpleasant symptoms for a long time. There are often situations when by the time a specialist is contacted, the tumor has already metastasized to other organs and the prognosis becomes not very optimistic.

Avoiding this sad development of events is surprisingly simple: you need to undergo mammography regularly. It can be done free of charge at any medical institution without a prior referral from a doctor. The procedure is accessible, painless, completely unburdensome and has no contraindications. The result is early diagnosis of neoplasms. Women over 40 years of age are recommended to have a mammogram at least once a year.

Source: depositphotos.com

Human skin is constantly exposed to various environmental factors, many of which have carcinogenic activity. With age, the risk of the appearance of malignant skin tumors or pathological degeneration of existing moles, spots, etc. increases. In order not to develop the disease, you should examine yourself as often as possible for changes in the skin. And once a year you need to visit a dermatologist, who can assess the general condition of the skin and see specific signs of pathologies that are easy for a non-specialist to miss.

Source: depositphotos.com

Disorders of the thyroid gland have a fatal effect on the overall hormonal background, well-being and appearance. With age, the risk of such failures increases: they are observed in 10% of women over 50 years of age. It is from this age that you need to donate blood annually to analyze thyroid hormones. The fact is that the primary symptoms of pathologies of this type (drowsiness, increased fatigue, sudden changes in weight, excessive sweating, dry skin) are very easy to confuse with signs of many other diseases or simply be attributed to age-related changes and fatigue. A blood test for hormones will help you check if there are any problems, and further examination by an endocrinologist will help you get the correct diagnosis and timely treatment.

Source: depositphotos.com

June 2009 Natalya Epifanova

What do you need to know so as not to get tested for the sake of testing? Which studies really need to be done regularly, and which ones only when necessary?

The head of the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory "INVITRO-Moscow" LLC "Independent Laboratory INVITRO" Elena Vyacheslavovna Chashikhina advises.

– Everywhere you can only hear how many viruses, instantly developing infections, and chronic diseases have become. And that “you definitely need to be examined for ...” - then a fairly large list of tests is attached. is it so bad?

– I don’t think the situation is so critical. Of course, the situation in the country, and throughout the world, is changing. New diseases, viruses, and infections appear. But this is a common occurrence - it has always been this way. We overcome some ailments, and others arise instead. Therefore, of course, there are new studies, but not all of them can be used by a doctor to diagnose a specific disease.

Today's boom in testing, in my opinion, is a skillfully played scenario of a play called “Come to us and find out your diagnosis.” In fact, tests are not a diagnosis, they are only a reflection of processes occurring in the body. Only a doctor can tell which ones exactly and how dangerous they are. And even then only after a comprehensive examination, which consists of three main stages. The first is a conversation with the patient and examination, the second is laboratory tests, the third is functional diagnostic methods.

Laboratory tests themselves may not always indicate a particular disease. Moreover, their reliability extremely rarely corresponds to 100 percent. The maximum that can be expected is 98 - 99%. Don’t believe it if some laboratory convinces you otherwise. Any laboratory test is a chemical reaction that is not immune to side effects. Therefore, it is my deep conviction: you should not succumb to provocations. You only need to take tests that your doctor recommends.

- That would be ideal. But, unfortunately, there are almost no medical examinations now. And many working women simply cannot find time to consult with a doctor. It’s easier for them to take the necessary tests once a year to monitor their condition. What kind of examinations can make up this mandatory list?

– Just for such busy people, some laboratories employ consultant doctors. They can always guide you on what to hand over and to whom. If this option is not suitable, then, indeed, you need to know the examinations that a relatively healthy woman needs to undergo regularly.

Among the new studies, the so-called “female kit” now includes studies on the human papillomavirus. This is exactly the situation that we talked about at the beginning of the conversation. New data appeared, and after them, research. Papillomavirus is dangerous because for the time being it behaves quietly and silently. And then suddenly loudly declares itself with condylomas, warts on the genitals, or even oncology. Therefore, all women over 30 years old should undergo PCR diagnostics every year or undergo the so-called Daijin test to identify this virus.

Although, still, the most important analysis for the fair sex is the most common gynecological smear. The examination of smears is carried out in two ways, differing only in the coloring of the cells - standard staining or Papanicolaou staining (PAP test). The second one is more modern and costs a little more, but it also provides more information. It can be used to identify cells predisposed to cancer. So, if possible, it is better to give preference to the second test. You need to take smears at least once a year.

– What can you say about traditional general urine and blood tests? How often should I take them?

– These examinations are not specific, that is, they should not be used to judge any specific problem. They can only determine whether everything is in order in the body. Therefore, the frequency of conducting these studies in the absence of any complaints is once a year.

They are also needed if there are any health problems and you decide to figure out what’s wrong. Another situation in which they can serve well is the period after illness.

– Today, many women trust ultrasound – “quick and the result is ready right away.” How informative is such a survey?

– Nowadays ultrasound is in great demand. In some situations, especially when it comes to the reproductive system, it is irreplaceable. But not always. For example, in the case of sexually transmitted infections, it will not help. Therefore, ultrasound should be done only when necessary. It has not yet been proven that this examination is safe for health. However, there is no evidence that it is definitely harmful. Therefore, it’s not worth testing your body’s strength once again.

Separately, I would like to say about women over 45 years old. In addition to the tests already listed, they need some more. First of all, lipid metabolism should be monitored. Among themselves, patients call these examinations cholesterol tests. Particular attention should be paid to the prevention of osteoporosis. As soon as the cycle is disrupted, it is necessary to take blood tests and see if everything is ok with bone density.

– But they say that calcium deficiency cannot be determined by blood. Physiology is such that there is always more of it in the blood than anywhere else. Therefore, to diagnose osteoporosis, you need to undergo densitometry. What do you think about this?

– Firstly, we are not talking about diagnosing osteoporosis, but about preventive tests. They are needed in order not to miss the moment when you need to take action and conduct additional examination - the same densitometry. One more thing. Today, laboratories have modern methods for determining the risk of increased bone fragility. Previously, we only monitored calcium deficiency in the blood, and you are right, the results were not always correct. Now there are other criteria, for example, ionized calcium, osteocalcin, resorption markers. And not necessarily in blood serum; now we actively use urine tests for diagnosis.

– Nowadays there is a lot of talk about tests for pregnant women and those who are going to become mothers. Is such a huge number of them really needed?

– Here the situation is more complicated. If pregnancy is planned, then, of course, it is necessary to undergo certain tests in advance. So that neither the mother nor the baby will have problems later. The most necessary are a smear and blood for infections, blood for thyroid hormones.

It is also important to look at indicators of the body’s general readiness for pregnancy, the condition of internal organs and systems. A rather impressive list of tests needs to be “worked out” during pregnancy. This is a difficult period in a woman’s life, so it is important to monitor how her body reacts to the growth and development of the fetus. If you want to be sure that everything is fine with the baby and with you, tune in to regular examinations.

– Question from our reader. During a routine examination at one medical center, she was sent for tests, including a test for herpes in the blood and a smear again for herpes. Don't they duplicate each other?

– There is no doubt about the smear, since this is how genital herpes is determined. But we need to understand further. Analysis for the herpes virus in the blood is rarely carried out, and only in rather difficult situations. We are talking about a chronic herpetic infection circulating throughout the body.

But at the medical center, the reader could have their blood taken to determine not the herpes virus itself, but antibodies to it. This analysis is of great importance, as it allows you to assess the level of immunity to infection. And this is important, especially during pregnancy.

– One of my friends was outraged that before a routine eyelid lift she was forced to donate blood for HIV, hepatitis and syphilis. She is sure that she was simply “conned out of money.” This is true?

- No. The rules for admission to hospitals today are as follows. The patient must have test results for HIV, hepatitis and syphilis. Moreover, it does not matter what kind of treatment is prescribed to you: surgery, routine examination, cosmetic procedures. However, if there are standard methods for studying the presence of antibodies to HIV and hepatitis viruses, then with syphilis it is more complicated. Today two methods are used. The first provides information about the acute process. But it is not at all necessary that it will be syphilis. The second determines exactly this disease, but it is not clear at what stage. Either the person is sick now, or he once had it a long time ago and is currently healthy. Therefore, it is important to take two tests at once in combination.

Visiting an ophthalmologist

Everyone knows that they need to have their eyes checked regularly, but, as a rule, only people who already have problems of this kind do it. Meanwhile, the constant use of electronic gadgets, working at a computer, and the modern lifestyle in general lead to the fact that vision is now deteriorating much faster than that of our grandparents. Statistics show that diseases such as glaucoma and cataracts are steadily getting younger. There is only one way to notice the problem in time and maintain high working capacity: by regularly visiting the ophthalmologist. For those who already wear glasses, this should be done at least once a year, while the rest can be limited to one examination every 2 years.

Source: depositphotos.com

Blood tests for cholesterol and sugar

Consumption of industrially processed food products entails an increased risk of accumulation of “bad” cholesterol in the body. This is fraught with sclerotization of blood vessels and its consequences: strokes and heart attacks. People who do not yet have such problems need to donate blood to determine their cholesterol levels at least once every 5 years.

Few people today manage to properly maintain carbohydrate balance in the body. No one is immune from such troubles as obesity and type 2 diabetes. An annual blood sugar test helps monitor glucose metabolism and take timely measures if it is disrupted.

The unexpected death of actress Anna Samokhina frightened many. When a young, handsome, energetic - and apparently healthy - person withers away from a fatal disease in a matter of days, you involuntarily think about checking your own body. Leading American doctors have compiled a list of publicly available medical examinations that can protect you from serious illnesses and even save your life.

Other symptoms

More dangerous signs of problems with hormone production include:

Facial rashes in the form of acne are the most common symptom of hormonal problems in humans. Most often, in girls or women during such rashes, the amount of androgens in the body increases significantly. In some cases, it happens in men that the amount of their hormones is normal, but due to too much sensitivity, the hormones manifest themselves in such a way that their amount seems to exceed the acceptable level.

In girls, problems with the production of hormones in adolescence can provoke underdevelopment of the uterus and mammary glands, as well as the absence of normal menstruation. Experts have not yet been able to fully study the mode of operation of the hormonal system, but the main reasons for this condition have long been known.

Mammogram

According to updated recommendations from the international oncology community, every woman should undergo a mammogram starting at age 50. One checkup every two years should be enough to catch any problems before they reach a critical stage. However, this should not stop you on the way to a mammologist if you yourself suspect something is wrong. Any pain and tightness in the chest area should be taken as a reason to seek medical help.

Plus, if you are part of the so-called risk group, you need to start regular screening much earlier - from about 40 years old. This applies, first of all, to those who have a family history of breast cancer (one of your close relatives had it).

Normalization of the condition

How to normalize a woman's hormonal levels? We'll talk about the methods below. If the tests show any malfunctions, the doctor prescribes treatment with synthetic hormones. A woman’s hormonal levels begin to improve after taking a properly selected COC and contraceptives. Only this will help to effectively restore a woman’s reproductive system.

Problems with hormones can be a cause or a result of a disease. If a woman feels that not everything is fine with her body, then she should definitely seek help from a doctor (gynecologist or endocrinologist). It is he who will help you choose a diagnostic method and create an effective treatment.

Skin examination

Skin cancer is considered one of the “mildest” forms of cancer: 90 to 100% can be completely cured, but the prognosis, oddly enough, depends on the severity of the disease. Sometimes you can get away with a minor cosmetic surgery, sometimes with ugly scars that will have to be removed with plastic surgery, and sometimes the tumor metastasizes, and then the consequences depend only on your luck and the skill of the doctor.

In general, you need to get checked as often as possible: for people over 50 years old - about once a month, doctors advise. Moreover, you can do this yourself. Just carefully examine yourself for new, unusually large or too quickly growing moles, formations of atypical color, shape, etc. Once a year, this procedure should be entrusted to a specialist.

Thyroid check

Thyroid dysfunction is another problem that affects women more often than men. After 50, some kind of malfunction begins in 10% of the fairer sex, but, fortunately, it is very easy to catch them at an early stage. A blood test will show an excess or, conversely, a deficiency of specific thyroid hormones, which is a marker of the disease. You can catch other signs of problems yourself: constant chills, lethargy, constipation, weight changes (usually upward) and deterioration in general well-being.

If you notice these symptoms, run to an endocrinologist. If not, you still need to donate blood for thyroid hormones - every year after 50 years.

Checking the level and quantity

How to check a woman's hormonal levels? If there are symptoms indicating problems with hormonal levels, the doctor prescribes a blood test from a vein, which helps to identify the amount of thyroid and pancreatic hormones, sex hormones and the pituitary gland. How can you check a woman's hormonal levels? The blood is donated to a diagnostic laboratory. It is important to remember that each laboratory has its own methods for deciphering indicators.

How to check a woman’s hormonal levels and which doctor does this? Different specialists estimate the amount of hormones in a woman’s body, based on certain standards for interpreting the results. This could be an endocrinologist, gynecologist or therapist.

Blood analysis

If you think that cholesterol is something that only affects old people and obese people, you are very mistaken. An increase in its level is also observed in seemingly healthy patients, and after 20 years; Smoking, alcohol consumption, a sedentary lifestyle and an unbalanced diet contribute to this. And if the harmful figure begins to increase (even by an insignificant amount), it is very difficult to return it to the norm.

In general, you should get your cholesterol checked at least once every 5 years - unless you want to one day discover that you are on the verge of atherosclerosis and heart attack. The same applies to the “sugar” test - it determines the level of glucose in your blood and accurately diagnoses diabetes. After 40, you need to repeat this analysis every year.

Colonoscopy

It is an examination of the intestines using a tube and a tiny camera installed at its end. This is not a pleasant experience, but this procedure will help identify any formations in your intestines, including cancerous ones.

The first time is recommended at age 50, then repeated once every decade - but only if there are no chronic intestinal symptoms. If you have ongoing problems with digestion or one of your relatives has suffered from colorectal cancer, it is better to start regular examinations earlier.

Depression test

Many people believe that depression is not a disease at all, but just a whim, and you can cope with a bad mood without medical help. In vain: in fact, a depressive state can accompany or, conversely, cause many diseases, and in women it can also lead to serious intimate problems.

Therefore, if you are sleeping poorly, have lost your appetite, have ceased to be interested in life outside your apartment and do not experience joy in the things you used to love, seek advice from a therapist. Of course, if you have any mood swings, you shouldn’t run to the clinic, but if the symptoms last more than two weeks, this is a cause for concern.

/ Here

How to get examined to be sure of your own health? When should I start doing a breast ultrasound and when should I start a mammogram? Who is recommended for colonoscopy? How often do I need to have smears and laboratory tests of urine and blood? Below is a list of all the studies necessary for an adult at each stage of life.

Identifying a disease at an early stage or preventing its occurrence by eliminating risk factors is the basis for maintaining health and a high quality of life for many years.

This is typical for both women and men of all ages, but for the fair half of humanity it is especially important, because the female body is much more complex.

The presence of cyclicality in his work requires appropriate research in each period. You should always listen to your body, understand its signals, and get examined promptly if any unusual symptoms arise.

In this article, we have compiled information about the necessary medical tests for each age group, indicating their purposes and recommended frequency.

This is a universal list, however, each organism is individual, and you need to take into account your own risk factors, for example, heredity, excess weight, existing diseases, working conditions and lifestyle.

To clarify this list, consult your doctor; he may prescribe more frequent examinations if indicated.

Main producing organs

The main organs of the endocrine system include the following:

1. Pituitary gland, pineal gland and hypothalamus. Under the influence of components formed in the hypothalamus, hormones important for the functioning of other endocrine glands are reproduced.
2. Thyroid, pancreas, thymus, and adrenal glands. Thymus hormones directly affect the development and formation of lymphocytes. The thyroid gland is responsible for the synthesis of hormones that directly affect the rate of metabolic processes in the body. The pancreas helps synthesize insulin, and the adrenal glands activate a large number of reactions in the human body.
3. Placenta, ovaries and testicles. The ovaries in a woman and the testes in a man are responsible for the production of sex hormones, which directly affect a person’s sexual life and the health of the reproductive system.

Age from 20 to 30 years

Gynecological examination.

Once every six months to a year, young women need to visit a gynecologist. Standard examinations at this age:

• examination of the vagina and cervix for erosions, benign tumors - papillomas and condylomas (viral warts);
• palpation examination of the mammary glands;
• Ultrasound of the mammary glands for early detection of fibroadenomatosis - nodes or compactions;
• a smear from the cervix to check for the presence of atypical cells - precancerous or cancerous.

The smear material is examined under a microscope in the laboratory by a cytologist. Results are usually ready within three to four weeks.

Blood pressure measurement.

To prevent the occurrence of diseases of the circulatory system, it is important to regularly measure your blood pressure (BP), even at such an early age.

Normal blood pressure for a healthy person is 120/80 mm Hg. Art. Numbers higher than 140/90 mmHg. Art. in each of three consecutive pressure measurements indicate the presence of arterial hypertension. Your doctor will tell you how to treat this disease.

Blood and urine tests.

A general clinical blood test is a measurement of hemoglobin level, the number of different types of blood cells: red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets, and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate).

A biochemical blood test provides important information about the level of glucose, cholesterol and its fractions (atherogenic - “bad” and non-atherogenic - “good”), triglycerides, vitamin D, blood iron, liver and kidney function indicators, etc.

Since people between the ages of 20 and 30 usually have a very active sex life and often have a rapid change of partners, doctors recommend being screened for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These include diseases such as HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, viral hepatitis B and C, genital herpes virus, etc.

The results of these laboratory tests can be found out 10 - 14 days after the test, and the doctor will prescribe treatment if necessary.

Dermatoscopy (examination of moles).

All formations on the skin must be examined regularly. If you notice that the size of moles has increased, the nature of the edges has changed, if any of them has started to bleed, changed color, or an ulcer has formed on its surface, you should urgently consult a dermatologist.

This should also be done if the tumor is located in an inconvenient place, and you often injure it with fasteners or straps from clothes. These actions are necessary so that the mole, which is initially a benign formation, does not transform into skin cancer.

Age from 30 to 40 years

Annual tests

At this age, it is advisable to continue to take general clinical and biochemical blood tests, monitor blood pressure, regularly visit a gynecologist, perform an ultrasound of the mammary glands once a year and a cervical smear every two to three years.

This is most important for women whose blood relatives suffer or have suffered from cancer, as well as those with a history of human papillomavirus (HPV). Medical science has proven that HPV can cause cervical cancer.

Measuring weight and height.

Obesity is a powerful risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer, metabolic syndrome, etc.

Having diagnosed it at an early stage, it will be easier to take measures to eliminate excess weight. But sudden, causeless weight loss is also dangerous - this is one of the symptoms of an oncological process in the body.

Therefore, be sure to weigh yourself every 3 to 4 months.

ECG.

Electrocardiography is a painless and very informative way to assess the functioning and condition of the heart. It should be performed at least once a year.

Examination by an ophthalmologist.

An annual visual acuity test and intraocular pressure measurement are required to detect early development of glaucoma or cataracts.

Women during pregnancy especially need to visit an ophthalmologist, because this condition can cause visual disturbances, for example, clouding of the lens of the eye or the appearance of foci of retinal dystrophy.

The reason for this is the change in blood pressure during pregnancy. And during childbirth, this can cause such a terrible complication as retinal detachment, which leads to blindness.

Study of external respiration function.

Important hormones for women after 40

During perimenopause, hormonal changes occur in the body. In the initial phase of this process, the amount of progesterone decreases with stable or increased estrogen levels. A decrease in the progesterone/estradiol ratio leads to relative hyperestrogenism, cycles become predominantly anovulatory.

Against the background of increasing concentrations of follitropin (FSH), the amount of all female hormones gradually decreases, and the body prepares for menopause. At this time, fluctuations in the duration of the menstrual cycle, intensity and duration of bleeding may occur. Reproductive function is reduced, but conception and pregnancy are still possible.

Age from 40 to 55 years

Annual examinations.

A gynecological examination and a visit to a general practitioner with measurement of blood pressure, pulse, weight and height, body mass index, auscultation (listening) of the lungs and palpation of the abdomen is a basic program at this age. You should also continue to have your vision and hearing checked annually, do an ECG, and have your blood and urine tested.

A good tool for diagnosing early ischemic changes in the heart, which can subsequently lead to myocardial infarction, is bicycle ergometry.

It is a test performed while the heart is being exercised, in which the patient is asked to pedal an exercise bike while an electrocardiogram is recorded.

In addition, every 1-2 years, moles are examined, lung function is measured, and feces are analyzed for occult blood (for early diagnosis of peptic ulcers or gastrointestinal oncology).

Mammography.

To prevent the development of tumors in breast tissue, after 40 years, ultrasound alone is no longer enough. At this age, a mammogram is performed - an X-ray image of the mammary glands.

It is done at least once every two years, and preferably more often, because breast cancer progresses quickly, and it is vitally important to detect it in the initial stages, then treatment will be effective.

The radiologist will provide you with an answer on mammography within a few days and, if indicated, will refer you to a specialist - mammologist.

Colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy is recommended every five years and is intended for early detection of colon cancer.

Directly during the examination itself, small intestinal formations can be removed immediately and painlessly by the endoscopist.

Then the taken material is sent for histological examination to clarify the nature of the neoplasm: whether it was a regular polyp, precancer or intestinal cancer.

Timely diagnosis allows you to start treatment without delay.

Ultrasound of the abdominal and pelvic organs.

Designed to detect problems such as bile stone disease, pancreatitis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, tumors of the liver and gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and adrenal glands. Must be performed every two years.

Blood test for tumor markers.

Every five years or more often if indicated (for example, if a polyp is detected at a colonoscopy), it is necessary to take a blood test for tumor markers. It is taken from a vein, the results are ready within a few days.

Bone density test.

Early diagnosis of osteoporosis, caused by a decrease in the density of bone tissue components, and further treatment can reduce the risk of fractures of the pelvis, spine and hip. It should be remembered that the older the patient, the more dangerous skeletal injuries become for him.

For men

1. Analysis for hidden infections is especially recommended for those who often change sexual partners.
2. Hormone analysis determines not only the causes of sexual dysfunction, but is also necessary for the timely detection of serious diseases, such as cirrhosis of the liver.
3. Examination of the prostate and blood test for the concentration of PSA - prostate-specific antigen. This analysis becomes especially relevant in adulthood, after 40–45 years, when the risk of developing prostatitis increases.
4. Analysis for micro- and macroelements - for men it is mandatory; Not only the general well-being of a man, but also his potency depends on their level.

As for children, each clinic sets its own rules for taking tests for infants - once every 3 or 6 months. Tests are required before vaccinations. Older children, whose development proceeds without pathologies, can be tested less frequently - once every six months and a year. The list of mandatory tests for children includes a general analysis of blood, urine and feces for the presence of parasites. Many kindergartens and schools send children for scheduled annual medical examinations with all necessary tests.

Age 65 and older

A bone density test should be performed at least every two years. It is also recommended to have your eyes examined every 12 months and have a colonoscopy every five years. If polyps are detected and removed, the next endoscopy is usually scheduled sooner, no later than three years.

Another important recommendation: if you are constantly taking any medications, do not forget that over the years you need to adjust their dosage to reduce the risk of side effects. Only a doctor can help you with this.

Take care of yourself and be healthy!
https://site/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1714622.jpg 3540 5506 ErikG https://site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/logo-1.png ErikG 2016-05-25 08 :34:28 2017-07-12 15:26:44 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 years and older. What examinations are needed at each age?

Phlebologist

A phlebologist helps identify problems with blood vessels. Most often, women aged 40 years and older experience varicose veins. When visible symptoms appear, varicose veins have already progressed successfully.

Research carried out by a phlebologist:

• Blood tests.
• Ultrasound of veins.
• Dopplerography of blood vessels.
• Triplex scanning.
• Contrast X-ray.

A phlebologist will help you begin therapy for varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, thrombosis and thrombophlebitis, and congenital vascular pathologies. All these diseases are dangerous and fraught with complications.

40 years is an important milestone for the female body. Natural hormonal changes can trigger dangerous pathological processes. If you feel tired, weak, hot flashes, or have changes in weight or blood pressure, do not hesitate to see a doctor. If you don’t feel anything, still find time for examination by the listed specialists - some diseases can be asymptomatic for a long time.

Photo: depositphotos.com

Author

Yulia Dmitruk

Pharmacist

She graduated from the Shepetivka Medical School, majoring in pharmacy. Work experience in the specialty – 3 years. Married, has two children. All articles by the author

I like!