What causes symptoms such as: sweating, swelling

Edema: symptoms, causes and treatment

• Main causes of edema
• Consequences of edema
• Fighting swelling

Swelling can be hidden or obvious. Obvious swelling is easy to recognize immediately - a limb or area of ​​the body increases in size, and stiffness in movement appears. Hidden edema may be indicated by a sharp increase in body weight or a decrease in the frequency of urination.

The most common type of edema is peripheral edema, which occurs when the ankles, feet, legs, or area around the eyes become swollen. But sometimes, in severe conditions, swelling of the entire body develops. This type of swelling is called anasarca.

Main causes of edema

Sometimes swelling occurs if a person is forced to remain in one position for a long time . For example, you may notice swelling in your legs after a long airplane flight.

In women, edema can develop during menstruation due to changed hormonal levels. Pregnancy is also a condition that promotes the development of edema. In this case, the volume of circulating blood increases and, under the influence of the growing uterus, pressure on the internal organs and tissues increases.

Taking certain medications (medicines to control blood pressure, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral contraceptives, some medications for the treatment of diabetes) also provokes the development of edema .

However, in some cases, edema occurs as a result of serious illnesses that require immediate consultation with a doctor.

Chronic heart failure

The heart plays the role of a pump in our body, thanks to which blood circulates from the lungs to the organs and tissues, saturating them with oxygen. If the work of the heart is disrupted, blood is retained in the periphery, and the person develops swelling of the legs, ankles, and lower back.

Usually the legs swell in the late afternoon. When you press on the area of ​​edema, a dimple is left that slowly disappears. As the disease progresses, the flow of blood from the lungs is impaired. Then a cough and moist wheezing appear.

In severe cases, the outflow of blood from internal organs is disrupted. Fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, and the stomach increases in size. This condition is called ascites.

Kidney diseases

With kidney disease, conditions are created for sodium and fluid retention in the body. Unlike cardiac edema, renal edema increases in the morning. Swelling of the face and area around the eyes is common. The arms and legs swell, especially the ankles and shins.

When kidney function is impaired, the so-called nephrotic syndrome develops. In this case, protein is lost in the urine, the protein content in the blood decreases, and conditions are created for the accumulation of fluid in the tissues. You may notice that your urine becomes foamy, your appetite decreases, and weight gain occurs due to fluid retention in the body.

Cirrhosis of the liver

Some hereditary diseases, hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, and endocrine disorders can lead to liver cirrhosis. If the liver malfunctions, the outflow of blood from the internal organs is disrupted, protein production in the body decreases, swelling of the legs develops, and fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity (ascites).

Early symptoms of liver cirrhosis may include nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, and increased fatigue.

Impaired blood flow

If an obstruction occurs in the path of blood outflow, edema develops. This can happen, for example, if the deep veins of the legs are blocked by blood clots. If you have deep vein thrombosis, you may feel pain in your leg or notice redness.

In addition, a growing tumor can interfere with the flow of blood through the lymphatic or blood vessels. These conditions are life-threatening and require urgent medical attention.

Allergic reaction

Allergic edema can be caused by foods, medications, flowers, animals, or insect bites, to which a person has developed hypersensitivity. The difference between allergic edema is that it develops suddenly, literally in a few minutes. The person does not experience pain, but allergic edema is one of the most life-threatening. Swelling of the larynx and tongue can cause suffocation and death.

Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy. Edema in preeclampsia is accompanied by increased blood pressure and impaired renal function. This is a very dangerous condition that threatens the life of both the mother and the unborn child. Therefore, you should visit your doctor regularly during pregnancy. Only he will be able to distinguish minor swelling during pregnancy from a critical condition.

Consequences of edema

It is important to recognize edema that poses a threat to human life. First of all, this is allergic swelling. If it develops, the person must be helped immediately, otherwise death due to suffocation is possible. It is extremely dangerous if the swelling has developed due to a blood clot. The clot or part of it can move further along the blood vessels. Then there is a risk of developing a heart attack, stroke and other life-threatening conditions.

If edema is one of the symptoms of preeclampsia, it can threaten placental abruption, fetal death, retinal detachment, stroke, and eclampsia (convulsions that can be fatal).

With constant and progressive swelling of the legs, stiffness in movements increases, difficulties arise when walking; skin stretches; the elasticity of arteries, veins and joints decreases; the blood supply is disrupted and the risk of infection of the area of ​​edema and the development of ulcers on the skin increases.

Fighting swelling

Minor swelling may go away without the help of a doctor. If swelling persists for a long time or develops suddenly, this is an alarming symptom. You need to see a doctor urgently.

Possible complications and consequences

Ascites is a serious pathological condition that requires urgent treatment. If therapy is not carried out and the fluid continues to accumulate, complications that are incompatible with life develop.

There is a high probability of inflammation of the peritoneum - peritonitis, cardiac or respiratory failure. Possible development of intestinal obstruction, diaphragmatic or umbilical hernia, hydrothorax, inflammation of the esophagus. Against the background of severe edema, all life-supporting organs and systems begin to fail, the functioning of which is disrupted due to accumulated fluid.

Asked by: Igor

Gender: Male

Age: 47

Chronic diseases: not specified

Diuretics don’t seem to help, I drank furosemide 1 time to get a little water out, the next day it didn’t, 2 tablets of diuvera also don’t help, shortness of breath while sitting and lying down especially when I fall asleep, I practically don’t go to the toilet, I don’t add salt to my food, it still makes no sense , legs and stomach are swollen with water, the feeling of fullness inside is just water, what should I do? Should I take other medications? Below is the conclusion in the form of a file about the disease and complications, as well as about the doctor’s prescribed treatment, which I doubt, thanks in advance

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Ascites is an abundant accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, leading to pronounced swelling of the abdomen. In common parlance, ascites is called dropsy, or a skin bag. People of any age, including infants, are susceptible to the disease.

. Swelling of the abdomen, the causes of which can be very different, is often accompanied by pain, shortness of breath and a feeling of discomfort, and sometimes itching and pain.

Sometimes the size of the swelling is comparable to the size of the abdomen of a woman in the last stages of pregnancy. If the patient is in a supine position, the swelling spreads to the sides

. The navel of all those suffering from ascites is strongly bulged outward. Another sign of ascites is a developed venous network on the abdomen, which becomes very noticeable.

Swelling of the legs

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IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. To make a diagnosis and properly prescribe treatment, you should contact your doctor.

• Inflammatory and non-inflammatory edema.

There are inflammatory and non-inflammatory edemas. The former develop against the background of inflammation and are characterized by the presence of redness, pain, and increased temperature of the soft tissues at the site of inflammation, which in most cases is not characteristic of non-inflammatory edema.

• Localized and generalized edema.

According to the prevalence, edema can be localized and generalized. Localized (local) swelling occurs in specific areas of the body, for example, on the legs. Generalized swelling occurs in several places at once (on the legs, lower back, face) or even throughout the body.

• Unilateral and bilateral swelling.

To understand the cause of edema, such a characteristic as symmetry is important, therefore swelling of the legs is divided into bilateral and unilateral.

• heart failure;
• chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, thrombosis of the veins of the lower extremities;

• disruption of the outflow of lymph through the lymphatic vessels in case of parasitic diseases, after injuries and operations;
• soft tissue infections of the lower extremities.

• renal failure due to congenital or immunoinflammatory diseases, long-term arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled use of medications, severe chemical poisoning;
• liver failure due to hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver degeneration;
• long-term diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, enteritis, chronic pancreatitis, Crohn's disease, etc.), as well as a strict protein-free diet, which results in malabsorption and protein deficiency.

• cardiologist;
• nephrologist;
• gastroenterologist-hepatologist;
• endocrinologist;
• vascular surgeon;
• dermatologist.

• urinalysis and urine albuminuria test to assess kidney function;
• a comprehensive biochemical blood test, including determination of the concentration of albumin and total protein in the blood, creatinine with calculation of glomerular filtration rate and urea (indicators of the urinary system), enzymes ACaT, ALaT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and its fractions, reflecting the condition of the liver;
• blood testing for signs of HIV infection, hepatitis B and hepatitis C to identify possible liver damage;
• coagulogram, showing the activity of the blood coagulation system and indirectly reflecting the possibility of thrombus formation in the veins of the lower extremities;
• study of the concentration of a marker of heart failure - natriuretic peptide to confirm or exclude heart failure;
• study of the concentration of electrolytes in the blood, reflecting the state of the adrenal glands, the hormones of which play a significant role in maintaining water balance;
• coprogram - a stool analysis that reflects the state of the digestive system (in this case it is necessary to analyze the absorption of proteins and other substances in the gastrointestinal tract);
• electrocardiogram to exclude or confirm heart disease;
• echocardiography to determine the contractility of the heart;
• ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, primarily the kidneys and liver;
• 24-hour blood pressure monitoring;
• Doppler ultrasound of the veins of the lower extremities to determine their patency and the quality of functioning of the venous valves.

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. To make a diagnosis and properly prescribe treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Mechanism of development of abdominal edema

In the abdominal cavity of a healthy person, approximately 300-500 ml of fluid accumulates, which is necessary to prevent the internal organs from sticking together. But in some cases, with the development of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis of the liver, viral hepatitis and others, the functions of the peritoneum are disrupted, and fluid in the abdomen is not excreted, but accumulates. Thus, the abdomen swells and ascites appears.

When the abdomen swells, the patient notices that he has gained a lot of weight, not only his appearance has changed, but also his state of health. The patient feels that something is splashing and overflowing in his stomach. Swelling usually increases in the evening and decreases in the morning.

If more than 5 liters of fluid accumulates, the patient experiences shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, heartburn, nausea, belching, and the functions of the genitourinary system and gastrointestinal tract are disrupted. Sometimes rectal prolapse occurs.

Hidden edema and its diagnosis

How often does a condition occur when the condition is uncertain and it is difficult to determine the cause of the ailment. Your legs get tired quickly, and your arms feel like cotton wool. If you consider these symptoms, you can determine that the tissues are swelling, and everyone evaluates this condition differently. There is an obvious manifestation, but there are often patients who have hidden swelling.

The exact place where they occur, with what regularity and intensity, determine both the diagnosis of the disease and the treatment.

It must be prescribed by a doctor, since it is impossible to independently determine the cause of edema and use medications. A mistake can be costly and will not only worsen the condition, but also affect subsequent treatment.

Excess salt, sugar, consumption of processed foods

Potassium and sodium play an important role in controlling water balance in the body: sodium attracts water into cells, potassium pushes it out of tissues.

Sodium is involved in regulating blood pressure and fluid levels in the body. Excessive amounts lead to water retention.

The main sources are salt and processed industrial products: sausages, chips, crackers, canned goods and cheeses.

If you ate a whole bag of chips the day before, the weight gain in the morning is water, not fat.

Sweets (simple carbohydrates) can also cause swelling. Water is required to “package” carbohydrates into glycogen in the liver and muscles. For every gram of glycogen, there are four grams of water. Elevated blood glucose levels increase the release of insulin, which leads to salt and water retention.

That's why people on low-carb diets lose pounds in a short time - the fluid just goes away.

Causes

The reasons why edema develops can be influenced by many factors. The swelling can be episodic, and over time the person will forget that in the morning there was slight swelling in the eye area, or that the legs were swollen from prolonged walking. But if the symptoms are regular, it is worth considering that the body is signaling a problem. Diseases such as:

• glomerulonephritis (both chronic and acute forms);
• nephrosclerosis in diabetic patients;
• nephropathy of pregnancy, both in early and late stages;
• osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine;
• other kidney diseases;
• cardiovascular diseases.

Allergies and sensitivity to products

Sensitivity, or food intolerance, is a symptomatic reaction without the participation of the immune system. This is how it differs from allergic. Sensitivity is more common than allergies.

The effect of individual reactions to foods has been noted in a number of diseases and symptoms, including irritable bowel syndrome, weight gain, chronic headaches, skin conditions, autoimmune diseases and even depression. Swelling can also be a symptom of food sensitivity.

While the most common allergens are eggs, milk, nuts, wheat, soy, fish and shellfish, sensitivity can occur to unexpected foods.

For example, among arthritis sufferers, sensitivity to citrus fruits, pork, corn, oatmeal, coffee, cheeses, tomatoes, sugar, chocolate, wheat was found, and among migraine sufferers, food additives, preservatives, tea, potatoes and salt were added to the list.

Another approach is to switch to a diet consisting of a minimum amount of foods for the same period of time, then gradually return them, observing the changes.

Potentially problematic foods: allergenic foods, fruits, alcohol, gluten-containing foods, milk and dairy products, food chemicals, spices and sugar.

Can dairy products, fruit, stress or too intense exercise cause swelling? Yes they can. But you shouldn’t limit yourself in food or physical activity - first, find out what exactly your reason is.

Author: Elena Degtyar, PhD, nutrition psychology coach and nutritionist

LITERATURE:

1. Maughan, R. J. “Impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance.” European journal of clinical nutrition 57.S2 (2003): S19. 2. Xie, Lulu, et al. "Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain." science 342.6156 (2013): 373-377. 3. Kannan, Arun, et al. "Renal sympathetic nervous system and the effects of denervation on renal arteries." World journal of cardiology 6.8 (2014): 814. 4. Gallen, Ian W., et al. "On the mechanism of the effects of potassium restriction on blood pressure and renal sodium retention". American journal of kidney diseases 31.1 (1998): 19-27. 5. Kreydiyyeh, Sawsan Ibrahim, and Julnar Usta. "Diuretic effect and mechanism of action of parsley". Journal of ethnopharmacology 79.3 (2002): 353-357. 6. Horita, Shoko, et al. "Insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and renal sodium transport." International journal of hypertension 2011 (2011). 7. Light, Kathleen C., et al. "Psychological stress induces sodium and fluid retention in men at high risk for hypertension." Science 220.4595 (1983): 429-431. 8. Espiner, Eric A. “The effects of stress on salt and water balance.” Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1.2 (1987): 375-390. 9. Riebl, Shaun K., and Brenda M. Davy. “The hydration equation: Update on water balance and cognitive performance.” ACSM's health & fitness journal 17.6 (2013): 21. 10. Hong, Seung Min, et al. "Changes in Body Water Caused by Sleep Deprivation in Taeeum and Soyang Types in Sasang Medicine: Prospective Intervention Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2017). 11. Gerth van Wijk R, van Cauwenberge PB, Johansson SG. Revised terminology for allergies and related conditions. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2003, 110: 328-331. 12. Gaby AR. The Role of Hidden Food Allergy/Intolerance in Chronic Disease. Alternative Medicine Review. 1998, 3: 90-100. 13. Tarasova, I. V. “Food intolerance, true food allergy and food pseudo-allergic reactions: presentation and diagnostic methods.” Allergology and Immunology in Pediatrics 3 (2008): 24-28.

Treatment

As practice has shown, it is categorically not recommended to prescribe treatment for yourself. This is due to the fact that the disease is so insidious and can camouflage itself that only a complete examination can establish the cause of the edema.

It is a misconception to believe that an ultrasound scan, which can be done for a fee, or a computed tomography scan will allow you to determine the extent of the disease, and most importantly, its exact name.

It is impossible to establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment based on these indicators alone. The Ziminitsky test is mandatory in such cases, and this is a lengthy and patience-requiring analysis.

If a patient independently prescribes diuretics to reduce swelling, this can lead to the development of a hypovolemic crisis, and this is a dangerous complication. The patient should consult a number of doctors:

Only after this, based on a complete picture, can we say that the treatment will be effective.

Let's figure out why your stomach swells in the evening?

• Gastrointestinal tract
• Treatment and Symptoms
• flatulence

The unpleasant sensations of bloating are familiar even to those people who are absolutely healthy. Poor nutrition and abuse of heavy foods lead to fermentation processes starting in the intestines, as a result of which undigested food particles begin to rot.

An increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines causes bloating, which is explained by an increased amount of gases. These gases are nothing more than the waste products of those very microorganisms involved in the processes of fermentation and decay.

What diseases precede heaviness in the abdomen, why it can occur in completely healthy people, and what is the mechanism for the appearance of bloating we will analyze further.

Causes of bloating in the evening

All the reasons that, one way or another, can provoke the unpleasant sensations of bloating and distension of the abdomen can be divided into several categories. The key factors in each category will be a person’s lifestyle, the presence of bad habits and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Healthy people

People who do not suffer from diseases of the digestive tract may also experience the unpleasant sensation of bloating. This may be due to symptoms such as:

1. Nutritional features. Some products, especially fermented milk and some legumes, under the influence of enzymes are capable of producing gases in a volume exceeding the norm. Therefore, if you have pea soup for dinner and drink a glass of kefir, heaviness in the stomach and flatulence at night are guaranteed. A large amount of gas will lead to an enlarged abdomen, painful sensations and a constant desire to empty the intestines.
2. Food culture. Not many even of those who support a healthy lifestyle can boast of nutritious meals. In most cases, you have to eat on the go, and, as you know, when eating food while moving, a large amount of air enters the stomach along with food, which will subsequently cause heaviness and discomfort in the stomach.
3. Serving volumes. It’s not for nothing that they say that you need to have breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince, and dinner like a beggar. Nowadays, the opposite is true: 85% of the world's population completely ignores breakfast, depriving themselves of essential carbohydrates that would give strength and energy. Lunch usually takes place in the company of work colleagues, but dinner with the family takes place like a mini-holiday. It is in the evening, when the appetite has greatly increased, that the desire to eat everything and a lot appears. It should be noted that after 7 pm the digestive system produces fewer enzymes, so a complex dinner cannot be completely processed. As a result, food particles rot in the intestines, causing cramping pain, bloating and increased gas formation.
4. Wearing tight clothing that compresses the abdominal area. This leads to impaired intestinal motility, obstruction and stagnant processes that precede flatulence.
5. Sparkling water. Sweet carbonated drinks, which are teeming with large amounts of sugars, sweeteners, flavors and dyes, have a detrimental effect on the entire digestive tract. A high content of nitric oxide leads to the fact that the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines are irritated and are not able to dispose of them on their own. Even mineral water, which is useful for the diet, but contains gases, should be consumed only in the first half of the day, but not in the evening, and especially not before bedtime.
6. Combination of products. Some foods cannot be taken at once, since their contact with each other during digestion can cause not only heaviness and bloating, but also intestinal upset.
7. Low physical activity. Doctors unanimously say that to maintain health you need to go to the gym at least 3 times a week and do physical exercise. In practice this turns out to be insufficient. Sitting in one place for a long time, even with three days of fitness a week, will not save you from flatulence. The fact is that when sitting for a long time, stagnant processes occur in the intestines, which only contribute to the accumulation of gases.

As you can see, there are many reasons to get flatulence, even while leading a healthy lifestyle.

People with bad habits

If in the last century bad habits that had a detrimental effect on health were alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction, now a problem on a global scale is poor nutrition.

Few people know, but overeating and eating unhealthy foods is the same bad habit that affects health, just like alcoholism.

Let's consider what provokes heaviness in such people who do not know how to stop:

1. When overeating, many people, especially women and young girls, suffer from obesity due to “eating” all the pressing problems. Abuse of sweet confectionery products leads to a lack of insulin in the body, a hormone that is responsible for the breakdown of glucose in the blood into simpler monosaccharides. All this leads not only to digestive problems, but also to further obesity. Eating heavy meals at night leads to excessive rotting.
2. In case of alcoholism, strong alcoholic drinks stimulate the production of enzymes and gastric juice, which has a detrimental effect on the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines. Irritated organs are not able to fully perform their functions, which can also manifest itself in the form of increased gas formation and bloating.
3. When smoking, a large amount of nicotine penetrates the blood, circulating and passing to all tissues and organs, affecting intestinal motility. Beneficial microorganisms that are necessary for the decomposition of food in the intestines die, from which rotting processes develop, which is accompanied by flatulence and pain in the abdomen.

Drug addiction, substance abuse and forced use of certain medications can also provoke digestive disorders. In this case, this is visible, since the person noticeably loses weight, becomes irritable and uncommunicative.

Diseases and pathologies

There are a number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, for which bloating is a characteristic symptom:

1. Irritable bowel syndrome develops in completely healthy people as a result of frequent stress, poor diet and prolonged fasting. It manifests itself in the form of diarrhea, which is accompanied by bloating after eating.
2. Helminthic infestations in the intestines - when there are worms, flatulence is obvious. A person may not even know about the presence of parasites, but frequent pain and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen, mainly in the evening, may indicate infestation.
3. An inflammatory process in the intestines caused by microbial, viral or fungal microflora - a feeling of heaviness in the stomach is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, body temperature rises, and performance decreases.
4. Neoplasms in the intestines and pelvic organs - if there are tumors, intestinal motility may be impaired, which leads to stagnation and rare bowel movements (constipation). This in turn causes bloating, discomfort and a feeling of fullness.
5. Celiac disease is a disease in which the body does not produce enzymes capable of breaking down gluten proteins. As a result, protein food entering the body cannot be digested, and in the intestines its active rotting provokes increased gas formation, bloating and pain.
6. Diseases of the pancreas in which it is not able to produce the required amount of enzymes (pancreatitis).
7. Intestinal dysbiosis - observed with improper and unbalanced nutrition, as well as as a side effect of long-term use of antibiotics. Characterized by an excess of opportunistic bacteria over beneficial bacteria.
8. Vascular diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in which there is blockage of large veins and arteries feeding the organ by blood clots. Lack of oxygen leads to disruption of metabolic processes and the accumulation of waste and toxins, especially in the intestines.
9. Mental disorders – it is stress that has recently become the cause of abdominal discomfort. The vagus nerve, when overexcited, can affect the gastrointestinal tract, causing nausea and intestinal upset for no apparent reason.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the expectant mother experiences many changes, and the body adapts to a new life. However, these changes are not always without consequences.

Hidden swelling is a very common symptom, especially in the last stages. With regular swelling, it is worth thinking about the causes and how to avoid it. Control of water-salt metabolism in the body of a pregnant woman is mandatory.

Since edema can be temporary, associated with the special situation of a woman, there is no need to worry about it in every case. Swelling occurs:

• physiological;
• pathological (in this case, the pathology is caused by a problematic pregnancy);
• pathological, caused by exacerbation of chronic diseases of the expectant mother.

It is especially difficult to identify edema, especially hidden edema, since it is difficult to understand whether it is the fetus growing or fluid accumulating. In case of sudden weight gain, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist, since only he can determine the degree of swelling and whether it is normal.

Hidden edema can be excluded only by passing tests, so most often the pregnant woman is sent to the hospital. Such tests take a long time and must be carried out under the supervision of medical staff and with a certain regularity, for example, the Ziminitsky test.

For physiological reasons, a woman needs more blood, and more fluid is required to replenish. Thirst appears, and in the last stages the uterus puts pressure on certain organs, and this makes it difficult to remove fluid from the body. So small changes can be considered the norm.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of the development of abdominal edema is made on the basis of laboratory tests and ultrasound results. An ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity will help exclude causes of abdominal edema such as tumor, obesity, pregnancy, ovarian cyst and others.

Laparoscopy is another reliable method for diagnosing abdominal hydrops. Laparoscopy helps determine the amount of accumulated fluid and its composition. The doctor also usually prescribes a general blood and urine test, biochemical liver tests and other necessary studies.

Kidney pathologies

This paired organ provides many important functions in the body, including excretory (excretory), osmoregulatory, ion-regulatory, and metabolic. When kidney function is impaired, these functions are disrupted. As a result, the outflow of urine may be disrupted and sodium may be retained in the body. This usually occurs with renal failure, hydronephrosis, glomerulonephritis.

With renal failure , all kidney functions are disrupted, and as a result, various metabolic processes are disrupted. The reason may lie in infection, shock of various origins, acute pathologies, toxic effects (medicines, poisons).

In addition to swelling, kidney failure is usually accompanied by the following symptoms:

• weakness;
• tachycardia;
• anemia;
• oliguria – the daily amount of urine decreases.

Hydronephrosis occurs due to obstruction of urine flow. The renal pelvis and calyces are affected, persistently expanding. Edema can occur in various parts of the body, but the abdominal cavity is primarily affected. This condition is accompanied by abdominal pain, and secondary pyelonephritis may develop.

Glomerulonephritis involves damage to the renal glomeruli - glomeruli. The cause of the disease is often a streptococcal infection. Swelling is one of the main signs of pathology. A specific symptom is facial swelling, which is more pronounced in the morning and decreases during the day.

The following manifestations of the disease are also characteristic:

• oliguria;
• hematuria;
• fever, slight chills;
• decreased appetite;
• pain in the lower back;
• hypertension – develops in 60% of cases.

Allergy

An allergic reaction can also cause swelling. The next morning you can see severe swelling on the face if something with allergenic properties was taken before bed. This could be any medicine, food, drink. Allergies can also occur to feather pillows.

There may also be a more severe allergic edema; it is also called Quincke's edema. It is developing rapidly. Most often, such swelling can be caused by insect bites or a burn received in contact with some plant, for example, with the same hogweed. Allergic swelling can also be a reaction to taking certain medications, foods or cosmetics. As a rule, with Quincke's edema, swelling of the upper body, eyelids, ears, nose, lips, eyes is observed, and a rash on the skin, the so-called urticaria, also appears.

The most dangerous thing with Quincke's edema is laryngeal edema. At the same time, the patient suddenly turns pale, his breathing is difficult. In such cases, you cannot hesitate for a minute; you must urgently call a doctor, because swelling may increase or spread to the mucous membrane of the trachea. This in turn causes suffocation and can lead to the death of the patient. Taking this opportunity, I would like to warn young mothers, so as not to provoke this terrible disease: do not give exotic fruits to young children, they often cause very severe food allergies. Genetically, our body is not adapted to eating overseas delicacies, so we need to be very careful with them.

Thrombosis of the collar vein

Ascites that appears against the background of portal vein thrombosis is persistent and is also accompanied by obvious pain, mild hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Due to the occurrence of collateral circulation, extensive bleeding from hemorrhoids or esophageal varices often appears. Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and anemia are detected in peripheral blood.

Ascites is a disease that accompanies portal intrahepatic hypertension and is characterized by moderate hepatomegaly and muscular dystrophy. On the skin of the abdomen, the expansion of the network of veins in the shape of a “jellyfish head” is clearly visible. Persistent ascites in postrenal portal hypertension is accompanied by jaundice, vomiting, nausea and severe hepatomegaly.

Swelling of the abdomen is also observed in heart failure. In sedentary patients with heart disease, there is an accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, sacrum, sides, and pelvic organs. Swelling, although considered the most characteristic sign of heart failure, is not the only one. Patients experience shortness of breath and tachycardia, which indicates advanced pathology.

With protein deficiency, ascites is most often minor; pleural effusion and peripheral edema are noted. In rheumatic diseases, polyserositis is expressed by specific skin symptoms, the presence of fluid in the cavity of the pleura and pericardium, ascites, arthralgia and glomerulopathy. If there are disturbances in the outflow of lymph (chylous ascites), the size of the abdomen quickly increases. Ascitic fluid has a milky hue, pasty consistency; lipoids and fats are determined in it during laboratory testing. The volume of fluid in the peritoneal cavity with ascites can reach 5-10 or even 20 liters.

The abdomen swells in older people much more often than in young people.